Thermal Physics and Statistical Mechanics

Name: Thermal Physics & Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Dr.D.Jayaraman and Dr.K.Ilangovan
Publishers: S.Viswanathan (Publishers and Printers) Pvt.Ltd
Old No.38, New No.06, McNicoles Road, Chetpet, Chennai-600031
Phone No. 044-2836 2723/3633
ISBN: 978-81-87156-55-4

Price: Rs.165

01 THERMOMETRY

1.1. Heat and temperature-1.2 Thermometry-1.2.1 Different of thermometric scales-1.3 Types of thermometers-1.3.1 Calendar’s constant pressure air thermometer-1.3.2 Jolly’s constant volume air thermometer-1.3.3Constant volume hydrogen thermometer-1.3.4 Thermoelectric thermometer-1.3.5 Platinum resistance thermometer-1.4 Thermistor

02 CALORIMETRY

2.1 Introduction-2.2 Specific heat capacity-2.2.1 Dulong and Petit’s law-2..2.1Confirmation of Dulong and Petit’s law-2.3 Specific heat of solids-2.3.1 Principle of method of mixtures- 2.3.2 Specific heat capacity of solid by the method of mixtures-2.4 Specific heat of liquids-2.4.1 Specific heat capacity of liquid by the method of mixtures-2.4.1 Newton’s law of cooling-2.4.2 Proof of Newton’s law of cooling-2.4.3 Specific heat capacity of liquid by the method of cooling-2.4.4 Specific heat capacity of liquid by Callendar and Barnes’ method-2.5 Radiation correction-2.5.1 Elimination method-2.5.2 Half time correction-2.5.3 Barton’s correction-2.6 Practical application of specific heat capacity-2.7 Specific heat capacity of gases-2.7.1 Mayer’s relation relation between Cp and Cv-2.7.2 Determination of Cv by Joly’s method-2.7.3 Determination of Cp by Ragnault’s method-2.6.4 Determination of Cp by Callendar and Barne’s method

03 CHANGE OF STATE

3.1 Introduction-3.2 Melting point-3.2.1 Experiment to determine melting point of wax- 3.2.2 Latent heat of fusion-3.2.3 Laws of fusion-3.2.4 Experiment to determine latent heat of fusion of ice-3.2.5 Practical applications of fusion-3.2.6 Effect of pressure on melting point-3.2.7 Impurities lower freezing point-3.2.8 Supercooling or surfusion-3.3 Vapourisation-3.3.1 Vapour pressure-3.3.2 Experiment to determine vapour pressure of liquid-3.4 Boiling or ebullition-3.4.1 Laws of boiling or ebullition-3.4.2 Latent heat of vapourisation-3.4.3 Latent heat of steam-3.4.4 Experiment to determine the latent heat of steam-3.4.5 Effect of pressure on boiling point-3.4.6 Superheating or delayed boiling-3.5 Evaporation-3.5.1 Cooling due to evaporation-3.6 Atmospheric water vapour and relative humidity-3.6.1 Experiment to determine relative humidity-3.7 Sublimation-3.8 Triple point

04 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

4.1 Introduction-4.1.1 Kinetic theory of matter-4.1.2 Three states of matter-4.2 Kinetic theory of gases-4.3 Expression for pressure of gas-4.3.1 Proof of gas laws-4.4 Mean free path-4.5 Maxwell’s velocity distribution law-4.5.1 Average speed-4.5.2 Root mean square-4.5.3 Most probable speed-4.5.4 Ratio of three speeds-4.5.5 Kinetic interpretation of temperature-4.5.6 Brownian movement-4.5.7 Experimental verification of Maxwell’s law-4.5.8 Energy distribution of molecules-4.6 Transport phenomena-4.6.1 Viscosity of gases-Transport of momentum-4.6.2 Thermal conductivity-Transport of thermal energy- 4.6.3 Diffusion-Transport of mass-4.7 Law of equipartition energy-4.7.1 Degrees of freedom-4.7.2 Application to equipartition energy-4.7.3 Variation of specific heat capacity of diatomic gases with temperature

05 BEHAVIOUR OF REAL

GASES 5.1 Behaviour of real gases-5.2 Andrew’s experiment-5.3 Critical state-5.4 Behaviour of permanent gases-5.4.1 Amagat’s experiment-5.5 Discovery of intermolecular attraction- 5.5.1 Van der Waals’ equation of state-5.5.2 Estimation of critical constants-5.5.3 Validity of Van der Waals equation-5.5.4 Limitations of Van der Waals’ equation

06 PRODUCTION OF LOW TEMPERATURES

6.1 Introduction-6.2 Production of low temperature-6.3 Production of low temperature-Joule Thomson effect-6.3.1 Joule-Kelvin effect-6.3.2 Temperature inversion-6.4 Liquefaction of gases-6.4.1 Liquefaction of Air-Claude’s method-6.4.2 Liquefaction of Air-Linde’s process-6.4.3 Liquefaction of hydrogen-6.4.4 Liquefaction of helium-6.4.5 Helium I and II and superfluidity-6.5 Adiabatic demagnetization-6.6 Application of low temperatures-6.7 Refrigerating machines-6.7.1 Frigidaire-Vapour compression machine- 6.7.2 Electrolux refrigerator-6.8 Air conditioning machine-6.9 Effects of CFCl2 on ozone layer-6.10 Superconductivity-6.10.1 Introduction-6.10.2 Critical temperature-6.10.3 Isotopic effect-6.10.4 Meissner effect-6.10.5 Type I superconductors-6.10.6 Type II superconductors-6.10.7 Applications of superconductors

07 THERMODYNAMCIS

7.1 Introduction-7.2 Thermodynamic system-7.3 Thermodynamic equilibrium-Zeroth law of thermodynamics-7.4 Quasistatic process-7.4.1 First law of thermodynamics-7.4.2 Isothermal process-7.4.3 Adiabatic process-7.4.4 Work done in an isothermal process- 7.4.5 Work done in an adiabatic process-7.4.6 Indicator diagram-7.4.7 Relation between adiabatic and isothermal elesticities-7.4.8 Specific heat of a gas at constant volume-U(T,V)-7.4.9 Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure-U(T,P)-7.4.10 Mayer’s relation-7.5 Reversible and irreversible processes-7.5.1 Ideal heat engine-Carnot’s engine- 7.5.2 Carnot’s forward cycle-7.5.3 Carnot’s cycle as refrigerator-7.5.4 Second law of themodynamics-7.5.5 Carnot’s theorem-7.6 Thermodynamic scale of temperature- 7.6.1 Absolute zero on thermodynamic or work scale-7.6.2 Thermodynamic scale and perfect gas scale-7.7 Practical heat engine-7.7.1 Otto engine-7.7.2 Diesel engine-7.7.3 Distinction between Otto and Diesel engines-7.7.4 Heat and work path function-7.8 Entropy-7.8.1 Change in entropy in a reversible process-7.8.2 Change in entropy in a irreversible process-7.8.3 Temperature-entropy diagram-7.8.4 Entropy of a perfect gas in terms of volume and temperature-7.8.5 Entropy of a perfect gas in terms of pressure and temperature-7.8.6 Entropy of a prefect gas in terms of volume and pressure-7.9 Clausius theorem-7.9.1 Clausius inequality-7.9.2 Third law of thermodynamics-7.10 Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations-7.10.1 Applications of thermodynamic relations-7.10.2 Clausius latent heat equation-7.10.3 Claperon latent heat equation

08 CONDUCTION

8.1 Introduction-8.2 Conduction-8.2.1 Coefficient of thermal conductivity-8.2.2 Thermal diffusivity-8.2.3 Steady state-8.3 Rectilinear flow of heat along the bar-8.3.1 Thermal conductivity of a good conductor-Forbe’s method-8.4 Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor-8.4.1 Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor-Lee’s disc method

09 RADIATION

9.1 Introduction-9.2 Radiation-9.3 Black body-9.3.1 Laws of black body radiation- 9.3.2 Fery’s black body-9.3.3 Wien’s black body-9.3.4 Energy distribution in black body radiation-9.3.5 Experimental results-9.3.6 Prevost’s theory of heat exchanges-9.4 Planck’s law-9.5 Wien’s law-9.6 Rayleigh Jean’s law-9.7 Stefan’s law-9.7.1 Experimental verification of Stefan’s law-9.7.2 Experimental determination of Stefan’s law-9.7.3 Newton’s law of cooling deduced from Stefan’s law-9.8 Pyrometery-9.8.1 Total radiation pyrometry-9.8.2 Optical pyrometry-9.8.3 Polarizing optical pyrometer-9.9 Solar energy-9.9.1 Solar constant-9.9.2 Pyroheliometer-9.9.3 Water flow pyroheliometer-9.9.4 Water stir pyroheliometer-9.9.5 Angstrom pyroheliometer-9.9.6 Estimation of true value of solar constant-9.10 Temperature of sun-9.11 Sources of solar energy-9.12 Some everyday applications of solar energy

10 STATISTICAL MECHANICS

10.1 Introduction-10.1.1 Principle of statistical mechanics-10.1.2 Phase space-10.1.3 Macro and micro states-10.2 Ensembles and its types-10.2.1 Statistical equilibrium- 10.2.2 Boltzmann’s theorem on entropy and probability-10.2.3 Postulates of statistical mechanics-10.3 Maxwell Boltzmann distribution law (Classical statistics)-0.3.1 Application of Maxwell Boltzmann statistics to an ideal gas-10.4 Quantum statistics- 10.4.1 Postulates of quantum statistics-10.4.2 Bosons and fermions-10.4.3 Distinction between classical particles and quantum particles-10.5 Bose Einstein statistics- 10.5.1 Application of Bose Einstein statistics to Planck radiation law-10.6 Fermi Dirac statistics-10.6.1 Application of Fermi Dirac statistics to Fermi gas-10.6.2 Fermi energy and Fermi temperature-10.7 Comparison between three statistics